05 - Social & inclusive city - SHUE

• Social cities and communities
• Social cohesion
• Loneliness and the built environment
• Experiencing the built environment
• Inclusive cities
• Smart city solutions

Concerns of community and social cohesion

Rapid urbanisation.

In 1800: 10% of EU lived in cities
In 1850: ???

Information age:

• Are local social relations still important in the information age
• Is social interaction becoming more superficial

Increasing loneliness

[[SIRE]] commercials: showing the unknowingly antisocial. They try to make people aware of these issues: people that are alone without noticing it.

Social cohesion

The glue that keeps society together

The ongoing integration of the individual behaviours in a social setting (here the neighbourhood).

National policies:

• Promoting civic participation
• ...???

Addressing social cohesion on a city scale:

Local social ties

Neighbourhood ties are typically weak ties (for example, weaker than family ties)

But still important:

• Practical and instrumental support
• Rarely emotional support

Very important for aging population.

• Perceived attractiveness, character and quality are positevly related to social cohesion.
• Greenery helps improve perception

Loneliness and the built environment

• Emotional loneliness. lacking a close, emotional bond
• Social loneliness: fewer social contacts than desired
• Existential loneliness: fundamental separateness from others
• Trait loneliness: baseline measure of how lonely ...???
• State loneliness

Loneliness is a risk factor for both physical and mental health.

Influencing factors (Social ecological model):

• dwelling quality
• amenities
• urban density
  • 4 found people are more lonely in urban areas, 7 no effect
• mobility infrastructure
  • More lonely living on main road compared to residential street
  • walkability reduces loneliness
• green space
  • Quantity reduces loneliness...
• social environment
• social safety
• socioeconomic status
  • It's already correlated with the other factors

Experiencing the built environment

How can we measure how people feel in a certain environment

Overall experience: place assignment
Momentary experience: affective appraisal and emptions. Metjods to measure...

Tripartite model of place attachment

Emotion theories

Emotions theories:

• Happiness
• Sadeness
• Fearr
• Disgust
• Anger
• Surprise

Stimulus organism response theory

Complex relationship between humans and their environment can be captured in the stimulus-organism-response model

SOR model -> modifying factors

Experience sampling

ESM: Experience Sampling Method

Problems:

• People might not go to places they don't like; so we never have information about these places

Inclusive cities

Inclusion is about is about ensuring everybody can participat in dali ???